Rents in the private sector tend to be higher than council or housing association rents, but different tenancies have different rules on paying rent and rent increases.

Before moving in
Before you move into a privately rented home or sign an agreement, you should ask your landlord or letting agent to confirm in writing:

• how much rent you will pay and what it includes. Check whether the rent includes bills and council tax and decide whether you can afford it before you sign any agreement.
• when you should pay. Rent is usually paid weekly or monthly in advance, with the first payment due when you move in.
• how you should pay. Your landlord may prefer you to pay by standing order, cheque, or cash. If you pay cash, always make sure you are given a receipt.
• any clauses that are in your tenancy agreement, which allow the rent to be increased.

Have a look at our Top Tips for staying safe renting a private property.

What if I pay my rent weekly?
If you pay a weekly rent, your landlord is legally obliged to give you a rent book, unless your rent includes a substantial proportion for food and other services. Rent books must include:

• the name and address of the landlord, and the landlord’s agent if they have one
• the rent payable
• information about your rights to protection from eviction
• information about your right to claim Housing Benefit
• information about agencies who can give you further advice.

When can my rent be increased?
Some private tenants live in their homes for years without the rent being increased. However your rent can be increased at any time if you agree to it. Even if you don’t agree to it, most tenants will find it difficult to argue against rent increases. Some tenants, such as those with regulated (protected) and assured tenancies, will have more rights, however.

If you don’t agree to a rent increase, your landlord may only be able to increase the rent at certain times. There may be a limit on how often your landlord can increase the rent. Your landlord may also have to follow a specific procedure for the increase to be legal. The rules depend on the type of tenancy you have.

If your tenancy is for a fixed period of time (known as ‘fixed term’), such as six months or a year, your landlord cannot increase the rent until the fixed term ends. The only exceptions to this are if you agree to the increase (using a special form if you are a regulated tenant) or there is a clause in your agreement saying that the rent will be increased.

How much can it be increased by?
There is a limit to the amount that some rents can be increased by. This depends on the type of tenancy you have.  Sometimes tenancy agreements contain information about rent increases, setting out when the rent will be increased and by how much.

Assured and assured shorthold tenants
If you are an assured or an assured shorthold tenant of a private landlord, your landlord will be charging you a ‘market rent’. Market rents are affected by the availability and cost of other similar accommodation in the area. If you are an assured tenant, you have good security and have more chance of influencing when and by how much the rent is increased. If you are an assured shorthold tenant, although the same rules apply about rent increases, in reality, if your landlord wants to increase your rent, you don’t have very much power to stop them.

If you have a fixed term tenancy, your rent cannot be increased during the fixed term unless you agree to it or your tenancy agreement says it will be increased. Many landlords will increase the rent when they renew your assured shorthold tenancy agreement. It can be difficult to challenge the increase if you are an assured shorthold tenant because your landlord can evict you quite easily if you don’t agree to pay it.

After any fixed term expires, your rent can be increased if:

• you agree to the increase
• your tenancy agreement contains a procedure for rent increases (this is unusual) that your landlord follows
• your landlord gives you written notice of the proposed increase (a ‘section 13 Notice’), or
• your landlord gives you written notice of making a change to the terms of your tenancy.

The amount of notice your landlord gives you before the rent increase takes effect must be at least one rental period (usually one month).

If your tenancy was ‘periodic’ from the beginning – the tenancy runs from week to week, month to month or even year to year – and the landlord serves you with a notice to increase the rent, the new rent cannot start earlier than one year after the beginning of the tenancy.

When the landlord tries to increase the rent, you have the right to apply to a Rent Assessment Committee (RAC) to set a market rent in some circumstances. The RAC is part of the Residential Property Tribunal. You must do this before the date the new rent is due to start.

However, since assured shorthold tenants don’t have very strong rights, your landlord may prefer to evict you (they must get a court order first) rather than reduce the amount of rent they want to charge.

It may be worth negotiating with your landlord to try to agree a lower rent increase in return for not having to re-let the property or having the rent decided by a RAC. Alternatively, your landlord may agree to increase the rent in stages over a period of time.

Regulated (or protected) tenants
If your tenancy started before 15 January 1989 you may have a ‘regulated’ or ‘protected’ tenancy. Regulated tenants have a high level of security and are entitled to ‘fair rents’. A fair rent is an amount of rent that a rent officer sets as the maximum that your landlord can charge.

Fair rents can normally be increased once every two years. They can usually only be increased by a certain amount that is calculated using a formula. If your landlord has made substantial improvements to your home, the rent increase may be higher. There is a limit to the size of the increase each time. If you disagree with the fair rent that has been registered you can appeal to a Rent Assessment Committee.

Other tenants or licensees
Landlords of all other types of tenants do not have to follow specific procedures to increase the rent. In most cases, the rent can be increased at any time after the fixed term of the tenancy has ended.

In most cases, if you are a tenant living with your landlord, or a licensee, your landlord can charge you any rent they want and you have no right to challenge this nor any subsequent rent increases, unless you are able to negotiate with your landlord.

If you have a written agreement outlining how the rent can be increased, and your landlord tries to increase your rent without following the procedure in this agreement, they may be in breach of contract. However, licensees and tenants with a resident landlord have very limited rights and can be evicted easily. It is important that you consider the situation very carefully before taking any action and, if you are in this position, consult an adviser.

Will my Housing Benefit or Universal Credit housing costs be affected?
Yes. If you are claiming Housing Benefit or Universal Credit and your rent is increased, you should inform the council or the DWP straightaway. You will need to provide evidence of the rent increase. Your claim should then be looked at again and you should be told about any new entitlement. If your new entitlement does not cover the whole of your rent, get advice. You might be able to apply for a Discretionary Housing Payment to help you.

My landlord won’t accept the rent
If your landlord stops collecting or refuses to accept your rent because of a dispute, you should take steps to protect yourself, since the landlord may try to evict you for non-payment of rent. Write to your landlord stating you wish to pay the rent, and keep a copy of the letter. Also, set up a bank or building society account and pay your rent into it, so that you have the money to pay when the landlord eventually agrees to accept it or if s/he takes you to court on grounds of rent arrears. Do not spend the money or use the account for any other purpose.

The council decides the amount of rent you have to pay. The rent is usually less than private landlords would charge for a similar property.

Rent and service charges
Your tenancy agreement will tell when you should pay your rent, and the council will give you rent statements, showing how much rent was due and how much rent was paid. It may be possible to pay your rent in different ways, such as in person or through your bank. Your rent may also include charges for water rates or services, such as heating or the use of a garage. You can ask the council exactly what it includes.

What if I’m having problems paying it?
Your rent should always be your top financial priority, because you could lose your home if you don’t pay it. You may be able to claim Housing Benefit or Universal Credit housing costs to help pay your rent if you are on benefits or have a low income. If you need extra financial help, you may be able to get a Discretionary Housing Payment.

If you’re struggling to pay your rent, or you have already fallen behind, get advice quickly. This is especially important if you have a demoted or introductory tenancy, because you can be evicted much more easily than other tenants. It is often possible to sort things out if you act quickly. If you don’t do anything, the situation is likely to get worse and you might risk losing your home. See our pages on Arrears and dealing with debt for more advice.

What can I do about rent increases?
The council can increase the rent every year using a formula set by the Welsh Government. This formula takes into account the Consumer Price Inflation rate from the previous year, which means that the amount of the rent increase can change each year, and might be quite high.

Check your tenancy agreement to see what it says about how the rent can be increased. The council normally has to give you written notice first, and should give you at least four weeks’ notice before the increase happens. Make sure you tell the Housing Benefit department or your Universal Credit work coach about any rent increase so that the amount of benefit you get can be adjusted.

It is very difficult to challenge rent increases if you rent from the council, even if they seem unfair. Get advice urgently if the increase is more than you can afford.

Most housing association tenancies should work out cheaper than renting the equivalent property privately. Different tenancies have different rules about when and how you should pay your rent, so check carefully to see what it says in your tenancy agreement.

Rent and service charges
Housing associations in Wales can increase the rent every year using a formula set by the Welsh Government. This formula takes into account the Consumer Price Inflation rate from the previous year, which means that the amount of the rent increase can change each year, and might be quite high.

Housing associations should set and collect rent clearly and fairly and should give at least 28 days written notice of any increase in rent.

You may also have to pay service charges to maintain communal areas and, again, you must be given details about what these charges cover and how much they are, as well as being given written notice of any increase.

Are the rules the same if I used to be a council tenant?
If you were a council tenant and your home was transferred to a housing association, you may have been given a rent guarantee. In this situation, your housing association cannot put your rent up above the amount specified in the guarantee. The guarantee may run out after a certain amount of time, so check to see what it says.

What can I do if I think my rent has been increased unfairly?
If you think your rent has been increased unfairly, you may be able to appeal to the Rent Assessment Committee (RAC). You must apply for an appeal before the date that your rent is due to increase. However, the RAC can put rents up aswell as down if it considers your rent is too low.

An adviser can tell you if it is worth appealing and may be able to help you put your case to the RAC.

What if I have rent arrears?
Your rent should always be your top financial priority – even if you have other debts – because you could lose your home if you get into rent arrears. If you have a starter or demoted tenancy you must be especially careful to pay your rent on time, because your tenancy status makes it easier for you to be evicted.

Make sure you tell your housing association immediately if you are having difficulty with either rent or service charges, because it should give you help and information about benefits that you could be eligible for. If you are claiming benefits or are on a low income, you may be eligible for Housing Benefit or Universal Credit housing costs to help you pay the rent. If you have a shortfall of rent that you cannot afford you might be able to apply for a Discretionary Housing Payment.

Most housing association and private tenants have the right to challenge rent increases through the Rent Assessment Committee (RAC), which is part of the Residential Property Tribunal in Wales.

If you are an assured, assured shorthold, regulated or protected tenant you may be able to challenge your rent, but remember, as an assured shorthold tenant, you can be evicted easily, so get advice before going to the RAC.

RACs exist to set ‘market rents’ for assured and assured shorthold tenants, and to hear ‘fair rent’ appeals for regulated or protected tenants. The RAC is usually made up of three people: a lawyer, a property valuer, and a lay person.

Application forms are available on the RAC website.

Once the RAC has received an application from you or your landlord for an assessment of rent, it serves a notice on both parties, allowing for an opportunity to reply in writing or request an oral hearing. The RAC will give you and your landlord notice if there is to be a hearing. Hearings take place in public and both you and your landlord have the right to be represented by a barrister, a solicitor, or another expert such as a housing adviser. It is worth finding someone to represent you.

Both you and your landlord will have the opportunity to give evidence, call upon witnesses, and question the other side. The RAC should give both parties copies of any documents used as evidence at the hearing. Decisions made by the RAC must be given in writing and sent to both you and your landlord. In some circumstances you may be able to appeal against a RAC’s decision. If you want to consider this, get advice.